Sleep disorders: Types, causes, symptoms and treatment

Sleep is an essential function that allows our bodies and minds to recharge. However, sleep disorders can disrupt this process, leading to various health complications. Sleep disorders are conditions that impair the ability to sleep well regularly. Understanding their types, causes, symptoms, and treatments is crucial for managing and preventing these conditions.

Types of SLEEP DISORDERS:

Several sleep disorders affect people worldwide. The most common types include:

Insomnia – Difficulty falling or staying asleep, leading to poor sleep quality.

Sleep Apnea – Characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep, often leading to excessive daytime sleepiness.

Narcolepsy – A neurological disorder causing excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks.

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) – An uncomfortable urge to move the legs, typically occurring in the evening or nighttime.

Parasomnias – Unusual behaviors during sleep, such as sleepwalking, night terrors, or talking in sleep.

Circadian Rhythm Disorders – Disruptions in the body’s internal clock, affecting sleep timing (e.g., jet lag, shift work disorder).

Causes:

Sleep disorders can arise due to various factors, including:

Medical conditions: Chronic pain, asthma, heart disease, and neurological disorders.

Mental health disorders: Anxiety, depression, and stress can contribute to sleep issues.

Lifestyle factors: Poor sleep hygiene, excessive screen time, irregular schedules, and caffeine intake.

Genetic factors: Some sleep disorders, like narcolepsy, have a hereditary component.

Aging: Older adults may experience changes in sleep patterns due to hormonal shifts and medical conditions.

Symptoms:

The symptoms vary depending on the disorder but commonly include:

-Difficulty falling or staying asleep

-Excessive daytime sleepiness

-Loud snoring or gasping for air (sleep apnea)

-Unusual movements or behaviors during sleep

-Inability to stay awake during the day

-Difficulty concentrating or remembering things

-Mood changes, such as irritability or depression

Treatment Options:

Managing sleep disorders often involves lifestyle changes, medical treatments, or both. Some common treatment options include:

1. Lifestyle Changes

-Establishing a consistent sleep routine

-Avoiding caffeine and heavy meals before bedtime

-Reducing screen time before sleep

-Engaging in relaxation techniques, such as meditation and breathing exercises

-Maintaining a comfortable sleep environment

2. Medical Treatments

Medications: Sleeping pills, melatonin supplements, or medications for underlying conditions.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP): Used for sleep apnea to keep airways open.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Effective for insomnia by addressing negative thoughts and behaviors related to sleep.

When to See a Doctor?

If sleep problems persist for more than a few weeks and affect daily functioning, consulting a healthcare provider is essential. A sleep study or other diagnostic tests may be needed to identify the underlying cause and determine the appropriate treatment.

Conclusion:

Sleep disorders can significantly impact overall health and quality of life. Recognizing the signs and seeking timely intervention can improve sleep quality and overall well-being. Practicing good sleep hygiene and consulting a healthcare professional for persistent issues can help manage and treat sleep disorders effectively.

• Dr SM Abdullah Al Mamun is a Senior consultant of Respiratory Medicine at Evercare Hospitals Dhaka