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U.S. President Donald Trump's "reciprocal" tariffs on dozens of countries took effect on Wednesday, including massive 104% duties on Chinese goods, as the European Union prepared retaliatory measures, escalating a global trade war.
Trump's punishing tariffs have shaken a global trading order that has persisted for decades, raised fears of recession and wiped trillions of dollars off the market value of major firms.
Since Trump unveiled his tariffs last Wednesday, the S&P 500 has suffered its deepest loss since the benchmark's creation in the 1950s. It is now nearing a bear market, defined as 20% below its most recent high.
U.S. Treasuries were also caught up in the market turmoil and extended heavy losses on Wednesday in a sign investors are dumping even their safest assets and the dollar, a traditional safe-haven, was weaker against other major currencies.
European shares fell and U.S. stock futures pointed to more pain ahead, following a grim session for most of Asia.
Japan will cooperate with the Group of Seven advanced economies and the International Monetary Fund to help stabilise markets, the country's top currency diplomat said.
"Cooperation needs to be international to prevent market instability," Atsushi Mimura told reporters.
Trump has shrugged off the market rout and offered investors mixed signals about whether the tariffs will remain in the long term, describing them as "permanent" but also boasting that they are pressuring other leaders to ask for negotiations.
"I am telling you, these countries are calling us up, kissing my ass," Trump told a Republican event on Tuesday in Washington.
"They are dying to make a deal. 'Please, please sir, make a deal. I'll do anything, I'll do anything sir,'" Trump said mockingly imitating a foreign leader.
EUROPE PUSHES BACK
European Union countries are expected to approve the bloc's first countermeasures against Trump's tariffs on Wednesday, joining China and Canada in pushing back.
The European Commission, which coordinates EU trade policy, has proposed extra duties, mostly of 25%, on a range of U.S. imports from motorcycles, poultry, fruit, wood, and clothing to dental floss, according to a document seen by Reuters.
The United States will take back the Panama Canal from Chinese influence, said Pete Hegseth on Tuesday during the first visit to the Central American nation by a U.S. defense secretary in decades.
They are to enter force in stages.
Trump's tariffs are expected to cause a bigger hit to euro zone economic growth than initially estimated by the European Central Bank, although inflation may also be lower in the short term, four sources told Reuters.
The ECB stands ready to ensure the sound financing of the euro zone economy and financial stability, French ECB policymaker Francois Villeroy de Galhau said.
CHINA WON'T ACCEPT 'BULLYING'
Trump nearly doubled duties on Chinese imports, which had been set at 54% last week, in response to counter-tariffs from Beijing.
China's top leaders plan to meet as soon as Wednesday to hammer out measures to boost the economy and stabilise capital markets, people with knowledge of the matter said.
China called its trade surplus with the United States an inevitability and warned it had the "determination and means" to continue the fight if Trump kept hitting Chinese goods.
China's currency has faced heavy downward pressure, with the offshore yuan at record lows due to the tariffs, but sources told Reuters the central bank has asked major state-owned banks to reduce U.S. dollar purchases and will not allow sharp yuan declines.
Central banks in New Zealand and India cut rates on Wednesday in what could presage a broader move by policymakers to try to cushion the tariff hit to their economies. The duties are another argument for cutting interest rates in Poland, central banker Ludwik Kotecki said.
U.S. CONSUMERS
Some economists have warned that U.S. consumers are likely to bear the brunt of the trade war, facing higher prices on everything from sneakers to wine.
Nearly three-quarters of Americans expect the prices of everyday items to rise in the next six months, a new Reuters/Ipsos poll found.
Danish luxury stereo maker Bang & Olufsen said on Wednesday it would raise prices on selected products next month to account for the tariffs and other factors.
The full effects of Wednesday's tariffs may not be felt for some time, as any goods already in transit as of midnight will be exempt from the new levies as long as they arrive in the U.S. by May 27.
Trump says the tariffs, which took effect at 12:01 a.m. ET (0401 GMT), are aimed at countries that are "ripping off" the U.S.
That list includes many of the United States' closest allies.
Trump has said his tariffs are a response to barriers put on U.S. goods and are needed to fix America's trade imbalances. He has also signaled he may not be finished, telling Republican lawmakers he may announce duties on pharmaceutical imports.