Bangladesh's energy transition journey

The low-lying delta nation of Bangladesh, a land often synonymous with resilience in the face of adversity, now stands at a critical juncture in its development trajectory. Having made remarkable strides in economic growth and poverty reduction, the country is increasingly aware of the imperative to decouple its progress from the environmental costs of traditional energy sources. The horizon of green potential beckons, promising a future powered by clean, sustainable energy, and Bangladesh has embarked on an ambitious, albeit challenging, journey to embrace this transition. This is not merely an environmental necessity but a strategic imperative for long-term energy security, economic stability, and the well-being of its burgeoning population.

For decades, Bangladesh's energy landscape has been dominated by natural gas, a finite resource that has fueled its industrial growth and powered its homes. However, dwindling domestic reserves and increasing demand have led to a growing reliance on imported fossil fuels, exposing the nation to volatile global energy markets and exacerbating its vulnerability to climate change. The environmental consequences of burning fossil fuels, from air pollution impacting public health to greenhouse gas emissions contributing to rising sea levels and extreme weather events that disproportionately affect Bangladesh, are becoming increasingly undeniable. This reality has spurred a growing recognition within the government, private sector, and civil society that a fundamental shift towards cleaner energy sources is not just desirable but essential for the nation's sustainable future.

Bangladesh's inherent vulnerability to the impacts of climate change acts as a powerful catalyst for its energy transition. As a nation highly susceptible to rising sea levels, cyclones, and floods, the urgency to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and build resilience is paramount. Embracing renewable energy technologies offers a dual benefit: reducing the nation's carbon footprint while simultaneously fostering energy independence and creating new economic opportunities. The potential for harnessing the power of the sun, wind, and even biomass within Bangladesh's unique geographical and ecological context is significant, presenting a pathway towards a more secure and environmentally responsible energy future.

Bangladesh possesses a considerable untapped potential for renewable energy. Solar power, in particular, holds immense promise. With abundant sunshine throughout the year, solar home systems have already made a significant impact in electrifying off-grid rural communities. Scaling up solar energy production through utility-scale solar farms and rooftop solar installations in urban areas can significantly contribute to the national grid and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Furthermore, the coastal regions of Bangladesh offer opportunities for wind power generation, although this sector is still in its nascent stages. Exploring the potential of biomass energy from agricultural waste and other organic sources can also provide a sustainable and locally sourced energy solution. Even hydropower, though limited in large-scale potential, could play a role in niche applications.

The government of Bangladesh has recognised the importance of this transition and has set ambitious targets for renewable energy deployment. Policies and initiatives aimed at promoting solar energy adoption, including feed-in tariffs and net metering systems, are encouraging investments in the sector. The establishment of the Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA) demonstrates a commitment to fostering the growth of clean energy technologies. Furthermore, the government has incorporated renewable energy targets into its national development plans, signalling a clear intention to diversify the energy mix and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. However, the journey is far from over, and sustained policy support, practical implementation, and robust regulatory frameworks are crucial to achieving these goals.

Despite the immense potential and growing momentum, Bangladesh's energy transition journey is not without its challenges. Integrating intermittent renewable energy sources like solar and wind into the existing grid infrastructure requires significant upgrades and investments in grid modernisation and energy storage solutions. Financing the large-scale deployment of renewable energy projects can also be a significant hurdle, requiring innovative financial mechanisms, public-private partnerships, and attracting foreign direct investment. Land availability for large solar farms can be a constraint in a densely populated country like Bangladesh, necessitating careful land use planning and exploring alternative solutions like floating solar projects. Moreover, building local technical expertise and capacity in renewable energy technologies is essential for the long-term sustainability of the sector.

However, these challenges are outweighed by the immense opportunities and benefits that a successful energy transition can unlock for Bangladesh. Expanding access to clean and affordable electricity can improve the quality of life for millions, particularly in rural areas, fostering economic development and educational opportunities. The growth of the renewable energy sector can create new jobs in manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and related industries, contributing to economic diversification and employment generation. Reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels will enhance energy security and reduce the burden on the national exchequer. Furthermore, transitioning to cleaner energy sources will significantly improve air and water quality, leading to better public health outcomes and a healthier environment for future generations.

International cooperation plays a vital role in supporting Bangladesh's energy transition journey. Developed countries and international organisations can provide financial assistance, technology transfer, and technical expertise to help Bangladesh overcome the challenges and accelerate the deployment of renewable energy technologies. Collaborative research and development initiatives can also facilitate the adoption of innovative and cost-effective clean energy solutions tailored to Bangladesh's specific needs and context.

The path forward for Bangladesh's energy transition requires a multi-pronged approach. Continued strong government commitment and supportive policies are essential to create a conducive environment for renewable energy investment and growth. Strengthening the regulatory framework, streamlining approval processes, and ensuring grid stability are crucial for attracting private sector participation. Investing in research and development, promoting local manufacturing of renewable energy components, and developing a skilled workforce will be vital for building a sustainable and self-reliant clean energy sector. Raising public awareness about the benefits of renewable energy and encouraging community participation in the transition process will also be critical for its long-term success.

Bangladesh stands at the cusp of a transformative shift in its energy landscape. The horizon of green potential is vast, offering a pathway towards a more sustainable, secure, and prosperous future. While challenges remain, the determination and resilience that have defined Bangladesh's journey thus far, coupled with growing global awareness and support for climate action, provide a strong foundation for a successful energy transition. By embracing the power of the sun, wind, and other renewable resources, Bangladesh can not only mitigate its vulnerability to climate change but also unlock new avenues for economic growth, improve the lives of its citizens, and set an inspiring example for other developing nations striving towards a greener future. The journey has begun, and the potential for a genuinely transformative outcome is within reach.

Dr Matiur Rahman is a researcher and development worker.

matiurrahman588@gmail.com